Keeb kwm

Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm technology thiab acceleration ntawm industrialization, tshuaj yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. Cov tshuaj no yuav ua rau muaj kuab paug rau ib puag ncig thaum tsim khoom, siv, thiab tso tawm, yog li cuam tshuam qhov sib npaug ntawm ecosystem. Qee cov tshuaj uas muaj carcinogenic, mutagenic, thiab tshuaj lom kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.

Raws li kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thoob ntiaj teb, European Union (EU) yog li ntawd tau nquag siv cov kev ntsuas thiab tsim cov kev cai txwv tsis pub muaj ntau yam teeb meem thaum ntxiv dag zog rau kev soj ntsuam thiab saib xyuas cov tshuaj kom txo qis kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg. EU yuav txuas ntxiv hloov kho thiab txhim kho cov cai thiab cov cai hauv kev teb rau cov teeb meem tshiab ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev noj qab haus huv raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev paub txog kev paub ua ntej. Hauv qab no yog cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws rau EU cov kev cai cuam tshuam / cov lus qhia txog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg.

RoHS Cov Lus Qhia

2011/65/EU Cov lus qhia txog kev txwv tsis pub siv qee yam khoom siv phom sij hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob(RoHS Cov Lus Qhia) yog ayuav tsum directivetsim los ntawm EU. RoHS Cov Lus Qhia tsim cov cai txwv tsis pub siv cov khoom phom sij hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob (EEE), txhawm rau tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb, thiab txhawb kev rov ua dua thiab pov tseg cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob nrog qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tsis tshaj 1000V AC lossis 1500V DCsuav nrog, tab sis tsis txwv rau, cov pawg hauv qab no:

Cov khoom siv hauv tsev loj, cov khoom siv hauv tsev me me, cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev sib txuas lus, cov neeg siv khoom siv, cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, cov khoom ua si thiab cov khoom ua si ua si, cov khoom siv kho mob, cov cuab yeej saib xyuas (nrog rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev), thiab cov vending machines.

Kev xav tau

RoHS Cov Lus Qhia hais kom txwv cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj lawv cov kev txwv siab tshaj plaws. Cov ntsiab lus yog raws li nram no:

Daim ntawv lo

Cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua raws, sau cov ntaub ntawv kev txawj ntse, thiab kos cov cim CE rau cov khoom kom pom tau tias ua raws li RoHS Cov Lus Qhia.Cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis yuav tsum suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas tshuaj, daim nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov neeg muag khoom, thiab lwm yam. Cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum khaws cov ntaub ntawv kev tshaj lij thiab EU tshaj tawm txog kev ua raws li tsawg kawg 10 xyoo tom qab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv kev lag luam los npaj rau kev soj ntsuam kev lag luam. kuaj. Cov khoom uas tsis ua raws li cov cai yuav raug rov qab los.

REACH Txoj Cai

(EC) No 1907/2006REGULATION hais txog Kev Sau Npe, Kev Ntsuam Xyuas, Kev Tso Cai thiab Kev Txwv Cov Tshuaj (REACH), uas yog cov kev cai ntawm kev sau npe, kev ntsuam xyuas, kev tso cai, thiab kev txwv cov tshuaj, sawv cev rau ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai lij choj rau EU kev tiv thaiv cov tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv nws lub khw. Txoj cai REACH lub hom phiaj txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv qib siab rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig, txhawb lwm txoj hauv kev los ntsuas qhov phom sij ntawm cov khoom, pab txhawb kev pub dawb ntawm cov khoom hauv kev lag luam sab hauv, thiab ib txhij txhim kho kev sib tw thiab kev tsim kho tshiab.Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm REACH txoj cai suav nrog kev sau npe, kev tshuaj xyuas,kev tso cai, thiab txwv.

Kev sau npe

Txhua tus neeg tsim khoom lossis tus neeg xa khoom uas tsim lossis xa cov tshuaj hauv tag nrhotshaj 1 ton / xyooyog yuav tsum tauxa daim ntawv sau npe mus rau European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) rau npe. Rau cov khoomntau tshaj 10 tons / xyoo, Kev soj ntsuam kev nyab xeeb ntawm tshuaj lom neeg yuav tsum tau ua, thiab daim ntawv qhia txog kev nyab xeeb tshuaj yuav tsum ua kom tiav.

• Yog tias ib yam khoom muaj Cov Khoom Muaj Kev Txaus Siab Siab (SVHC) thiab qhov siab tshaj 0.1% (los ntawm qhov hnyav), cov chaw tsim khoom lossis cov neeg xa khoom yuav tsum muab Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Nyab Xeeb (SDS) rau cov neeg siv qis thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau SCIP database.
• Yog tias qhov concentration ntawm SVHC ntau tshaj 0.1% los ntawm qhov hnyav thiab qhov ntau tshaj 1 tonne / xyoo, cov chaw tsim khoom lossis cov neeg xa khoom ntawm tsab xov xwm yuav tsum ceeb toom rau ECHA.
• Yog tias tag nrho cov khoom uas tau sau npe lossis ceeb toom mus txog qhov pib tonnage tom ntej, tus tsim khoom lossis tus xa khoom yuav tsum muab ECHA cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau qib tonnage ntawd.

Kev ntsuam xyuas

Cov txheej txheem ntsuam xyuas muaj ob ntu: dossier evaluation and substance evaluation.

Kev ntsuam xyuas dossier yog hais txog cov txheej txheem uas ECHA tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm thev naus laus zis, cov txheej txheem cov ntaub ntawv xav tau, kev ntsuas tshuaj lom neeg kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov ntawv ceeb toom kev nyab xeeb tshuaj xa los ntawm cov tuam txhab los txiav txim siab lawv ua raws li cov cai tsim. Yog tias lawv tsis ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, lub tuam txhab yuav tsum xa cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog hauv lub sijhawm txwv. ECHA xaiv yam tsawg kawg 20% ​​ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntau tshaj 100 tons / xyoo rau kev tshuaj xyuas txhua xyoo.

Kev ntsuas tshuaj yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev txiav txim siab txog kev phom sij los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog kev soj ntsuam ntawm lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg, kev raug mob, qib raug, thiab muaj peev xwm raug mob. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv txaus ntshai thiab tonnage ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, ECHA tsim cov phiaj xwm ntsuas peb xyoos. Cov tub ceev xwm muaj peev xwm tom qab ntawd ua cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas cov khoom raws li txoj kev npaj no thiab sib txuas lus cov txiaj ntsig.

Kev tso cai

Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tso cai yog los xyuas kom meej kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm kev lag luam sab hauv, tias cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm SVHC raug tswj kom raug thiab cov tshuaj no maj mam hloov los ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev tsim nyog lwm yam tshuaj lossis thev naus laus zis. Daim ntawv tso cai yuav tsum xa mus rau European Environmental Agency nrog rau daim ntawv tso cai daim ntawv thov. Kev faib tawm ntawm SVHC feem ntau suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

(1) CMR tshuaj: Cov tshuaj yog carcinogenic, mutagenic thiab lom rau kev yug me nyuam

(2) Cov tshuaj PBT: Cov tshuaj tsis tu ncua, bioaccumulative thiab tshuaj lom (PBT)

(3) vPvB tshuaj: Cov khoom muaj kev pheej hmoo siab thiab bioaccumulative heev

(4) Lwm yam khoom uas muaj pov thawj scientific uas tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem loj rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv los yog ib puag ncig.

Kev txwv

ECHA yuav txwv kev tsim khoom lossis kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom lossis cov khoom hauv EU yog tias nws pom tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, tsim khoom, tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig uas tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau zoo.Cov khoom siv lossis cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv Daim Ntawv Teev Npe Txwv (REACH Appendix XVII) yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev txwv ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem tsim, tsim lossis muab tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam hauv EU, thiab cov khoom uas tsis ua raws li cov cai yuav raug rov qab thiabraug nplua.

Tam sim no, cov cai ntawm REACH Annex XVII tau muab tso rau hauv EU Txoj Cai Roj Teeb Tshiab. To ntshuam mus rau EU ua lag luam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai ntawm REACH Annex XVII.

Daim ntawv lo

Txoj cai REACH tam sim no tsis nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm CE tswj, thiab tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws li daim ntawv pov thawj lossis CE cim. Txawm li cas los xij, Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Lag Luam ntawm European Union yuav ib txwm ua cov kev soj ntsuam tsis tu ncua ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv EU, thiab yog tias lawv tsis ua raws li cov cai ntawm REACH, lawv yuav ntsib txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev rov qab los.

POPsKev cai

(EU) 2019/1021 Txoj cai ntawm Persistent Organic Pollutants, hu ua POPs Regulation, lub hom phiaj los txo cov emission ntawm cov tshuaj no thiab tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig los ntawm lawv cov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev txwv lossis txwv kev tsim khoom thiab siv cov pa phem tsis tu ncua. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) yog cov organic pollutants uas tsis tu ncua, bio-accumulative, semi-volatile, thiab muaj kuab heev, uas muaj peev xwm ntawm kev thauj mus los ntev uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig los ntawm huab cua, dej, thiab muaj sia nyob.

Txoj Cai POPs siv rau txhua yam khoom, sib tov, thiab cov khoom hauv EU.Nws teev cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau tswj thiab qhia txog cov kev tswj xyuas thiab cov txheej txheem tswj cov khoom muag. Nws tseem hais txog kev ntsuas los txo thiab tswj lawv cov kev tso tawm lossis emission. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj cai tseem suav nrog kev tswj hwm thiab pov tseg cov khoom pov tseg uas muaj POPs, kom ntseeg tau tias POPs Cheebtsam raug rhuav tshem lossis raug hloov pauv tsis tau, kom cov khoom pov tseg thiab cov pa tawm tsis pom cov yam ntxwv POPs ntxiv lawm.

Daim ntawv lo

Zoo ib yam li REACH, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj kev ua raws cai thiab CE daim ntawv lo tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua rau lub sijhawm, tab sis cov kev txwv tseem yuav tsum tau ua.

Cov lus qhia roj teeb

2006/66/EC Cov lus qhia rau roj teeb thiab accumulators thiab khib nyiab roj teeb thiab accumulators(hu ua Battery Directive), siv tau rau txhua hom roj teeb thiab cov khoom sib txuas, tshwj tsis yog cov khoom siv cuam tshuam txog kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm EU Cov Tswv Cuab thiab cov cuab yeej tsim los tsim tawm rau hauv qhov chaw. Cov Lus Qhia tau teeb tsa cov kev cai rau kev tso rau hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov roj teeb thiab cov khoom ntim khoom, thiab tseem muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev sau, kho, rov qab thiab pov tseg cov roj teeb pov tseg.Tnws Directivexav tias yuavraug tshem tawm thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, 2025.

Kev xav tau

1. Txhua lub roj teeb thiab cov khoom ntim tso rau hauv khw nrog cov ntsiab lus mercury (los ntawm qhov hnyav) ntau tshaj 0.0005% raug txwv.
2. Tag nrho cov roj teeb portable thiab accumulators tso rau hauv khw nrog cov ntsiab lus cadmium (los ntawm qhov hnyav) ntau tshaj 0.002% raug txwv.
3. Ob lub ntsiab lus saum toj no tsis siv rau lub tswb nrov thaum muaj xwm ceev (xws li teeb pom kev kub ceev) thiab khoom siv kho mob.
4. Kev lag luam raug txhawb kom txhim kho tag nrho ib puag ncig kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov roj teeb thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej, thiab txhim kho cov roj teeb thiab cov khoom ntim nrog cov hlau lead tsawg, mercury, cadmium thiab lwm yam khoom siv phom sij.
5. EU Cov Tswvcuab yuav tsum tsim cov phiaj xwm khaws cov roj teeb pov tseg uas tsim nyog, thiab cov chaw tsim khoom / cov chaw muag khoom yuav tsum sau npe thiab muab cov kev pabcuam sau cov roj teeb dawb hauv Cov Tswvcuab uas lawv muag. Yog tias ib yam khoom tau nruab nrog lub roj teeb, nws cov chaw tsim khoom kuj suav tias yog lub chaw tsim khoom roj teeb.

Daim ntawv lo

Txhua lub roj teeb, accumulators, thiab cov pob roj teeb yuav tsum tau cim nrog lub cim hla ntawm cov plua plav tawm, thiab lub peev xwm ntawm txhua lub tsheb thauj mus los thiab lub tsheb roj teeb thiab cov khoom ntim yuav tsum tau qhia rau ntawm daim ntawv.Cov roj teeb thiab cov khoom ntim uas muaj ntau dua 0.002% cadmium lossis ntau dua 0.004% txhuas yuav tsum tau cim nrog cov cim tshuaj (Cd lossis Pb) thiab yuav tsum npog tsawg kawg ib feem peb ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lub cim.Lub logo yuav tsum pom meej, pom tseeb thiab tsis pom. Qhov kev pab them nqi thiab qhov ntev yuav tsum ua raws li cov kev cai cuam tshuam.

Dustbin logo

WEEE Directive

2012/19/EU Cov lus qhia rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg thiab hluav taws xob(WEEE) yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm EU txoj cai rauWEEE sau thiab kho. Nws tau teeb tsa cov kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm kev tiv thaiv lossis txo qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm WEEE thiab txhawb kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov los ntawm kev txhim kho kev siv cov peev txheej.

Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob uas muaj qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tsis tshaj 1000V AC lossis 1500V DC, suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

Cov khoom siv kub hloov pauv, cov ntxaij vab tshaus, cov lus qhia thiab cov khoom siv uas muaj cov ntxaij vab tshaus (nrog thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam ntau dua 100 cm2), cov khoom siv loj (nrog qhov ntev ntawm sab nraud tshaj 50cm), cov khoom siv me me (nrog qhov ntev ntawm sab nraud tsis tshaj 50cm), cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm me me thiab cov khoom siv sib txuas lus ( nrog rau sab nraud qhov ntev tsis tshaj 50cm).

Kev xav tau

1. Txoj Cai Hais kom Cov Tswv Cuab yuav tsum tau ua cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog los txhawb kev rov siv dua, disassembly thiab rov ua dua ntawm WEEE thiab nws cov khoom siv raws li qhoveco-tsim cov caintawm Cov Lus Qhia 2009/125/EC; Cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob tiv thaiv kev rov siv WEEE los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb lossis cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, tshwj tsis yog cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb.
2. Cov tswvcuab yuav tsum ntsuas kom tsim nyogkom raug txheeb thiab sau WEEE, muab qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv hloov pauv kub uas muaj cov tshuaj ozone-depleting thiab fluorinated tsev cog khoom gases, mercury-muaj fluorescent teeb, photovoltaic panels thiab cov khoom me me. Cov tswvcuab kuj tseem yuav tsum ua kom muaj kev ua raws li "tus tsim lub luag haujlwm", xav kom cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab kom ua tiav qhov tsawg kawg nkaus txhua xyoo sau tus nqi raws li cov pej xeem ceev. Sorted WEEE yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo.
3. Cov lag luam muag khoom hluav taws xob thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv EU yuav tsum tau sau npe rau hauv lub hom phiaj Tswvcuab rau kev muag khoom raws li cov kev xav tau.
4. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau cim nrog cov cim uas yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb thiab tsis yooj yim hnav tawm ntawm cov khoom siv sab nraud.
5. Txoj Cai Hais kom Cov Tswv Cuab los tsim kom muaj kev txhawb nqa tsim nyog thiab kev nplua los xyuas kom meej tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cov Lus Qhia tuaj yeem ua tiav.

Daim ntawv lo

Daim ntawv lo WEEE zoo ib yam li daim ntawv qhia roj teeb, ob qho tib si yuav tsum tau "sib cais sau cim" (dustbin logo) yuav tsum tau cim, thiab qhov loj me tuaj yeem xa mus rau cov lus qhia roj teeb.

ELV Cov Lus Qhia

2000/53/ECCov Lus Qhia rau Cov Tsheb Xaus Tuag(ELV Cov Lus Qhia)npog tag nrho cov tsheb thiab tsheb kawg ntawm lub neej, nrog rau lawv cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv.Nws lub hom phiaj los tiv thaiv kev tsim cov khoom pov tseg los ntawm cov tsheb, txhawb kev rov siv thiab rov qab siv lub neej kawg ntawm cov tsheb thiab lawv cov khoom thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig ntawm txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm koom nrog hauv lub neej voj voog ntawm tsheb.

Kev xav tau

1. Qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration ntawm qhov hnyav hauv cov ntaub ntawv homogeneous yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.1% rau cov hlau lead, hexavalent chromium thiab mercury, thiab 0.01% rau cadmium. Cov tsheb thiab lawv qhov chaw uas tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration txwv thiab tsis nyob rau hauv qhov kev zam yuav tsum tsis txhob muab tso rau hauv lub khw.
2. Kev tsim thiab tsim cov tsheb yuav tsum ua tib zoo xav txog kev rhuav tshem, rov siv dua thiab rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov tsheb thiab lawv qhov chaw tom qab lawv tau muab pov tseg, thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab tuaj yeem ua ke.
3. Cov neeg ua lag luam nyiaj txiag yuav tsum tsim kom muaj cov kab ke los sau tag nrho cov tsheb kawg ntawm lub neej thiab, qhov ua tau zoo, cov khoom pov tseg tshwm sim los ntawm kev kho tsheb. Cov tsheb kawg ntawm lub neej yuav tsum tau nrog daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab raug xa mus rau qhov chaw kho mob tau tso cai. Cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum ua kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshem tawm thiab lwm yam tsis pub dhau rau lub hlis tom qab muab lub tsheb tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam thiab yuav tsum dais tag nrho lossis feem ntau ntawm cov nqi ntawm kev sau, kev kho mob thiab rov ua kom lub tsheb kawg ntawm lub neej.
4. Cov tswvcuab yuav tsum ua cov kev ntsuas tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias cov neeg ua haujlwm kev lag luam tsim cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev sau cov tsheb kawg ntawm lub neej thiab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig rov qab thiab rov siv dua thiab rov ua dua lub hom phiaj thiab tias kev khaws cia thiab kho txhua lub tsheb kawg ntawm lub neej yuav siv sijhawm. qhov chaw nyob rau hauv raws li cov yam tsawg kawg nkaus technical specifications.

Daim ntawv lo

Cov lus qhia ELV tam sim no tau suav nrog hauv cov cai ntawm EU txoj cai tshiab roj teeb. Yog tias nws yog cov khoom siv roj teeb tsheb, nws yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm ELV thiab txoj cai roj teeb ua ntej CE cim tuaj yeem siv tau.

Xaus

Raws li cov lus pom zoo, EU muaj ntau yam kev txwv rau cov tshuaj los txo kev siv cov khoom phom sij thiab tiv thaiv tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig. Cov kev ntsuas no tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev lag luam roj teeb, ob qho tib si txhawb kev txhim kho cov khoom siv roj teeb zoo ib puag ncig thiab txhawb kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho, thiab txhim kho cov neeg siv khoom paub txog cov khoom lag luam thiab nthuav tawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov thiab kev noj zaub ntsuab. Raws li cov kev cai lij choj thiab cov kev cai cuam tshuam txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab kev tswj hwm kev siv zog ntxiv, muaj cov laj thawj ntseeg tias kev lag luam roj teeb yuav txuas ntxiv txhim kho kom muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab zoo ib puag ncig.